Among those, the list of examples that are experimentally verified includes A 3B 2O 7 HIFs (Ca,Sr) 3Ti 2O 7 3, (Sr,Ca) 3Sn 2O 7, Sr 3Zr 2O 7 4, 5, 6, as well as a weak ferromagnetic (Ca 0.69Sr 0.46Tb 1.85Fe 2O 7) 7.ĭespite the prediction of ferroelectricity and observation of a polar crystal structure in many compounds, experimentally observing the switching of polarization is challenging. A major breakthrough in perovskite-related ferroelectrics is the discovery of hybrid improper ferroelectricity (HIF) as a materials design route in 2011, which led to an explosion in the predictions of novel ferroelectric oxides 2. Versatility of the perovskite structure allows a large number of complex oxides to be synthesized, but among those, only a small fraction are ferroelectrics 1. Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in BaTiO 3, perovskite oxides have been heavily studied and utilized in applications as ferroelectric materials.
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